CHEMICAL FINGERPRINT OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA: UNRAVELING THE BIOACTIVE PROFILE AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL

Authors

  • A ZAHID School of Pain and Regenerative Medicine (SPRM), The University of Lahore-Pakistan
  • J ISLAM Islam Medical and Dental College, Sialkot-Pakistan/Department of Biosciences, Grand Asian University, Sialkot-Pakistan
  • J IQBAL School of Pharmacy, Minhaj University Lahore-Pakistan
  • M MARVI Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Baluchistan, Quetta-Pakistan
  • F ARIF Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore-Pakistan
  • Q ALI Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
  • S AHMAD Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom
  • A MALIK sSchool of Pain and Regenerative Medicine (SPRM), The University of Lahore-Pakistan/Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, (EQUSaT), Masaka, Uganda

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54112/bbasr.v2025i1.98

Keywords:

Azadirachta indica, GC-MS/MS, bioactive compounds, azadirachtin, quercetin, luteolin, therapeutic potential, traditional medicine

Abstract

Azadirachta indica  (neem) has been used for centuries in conventional medicines due to its bourgeois phytochemical profile and wide therapeutic potential. Regardless of its widespread use, detailed chemical fingerprints on bioactive compounds and residues with curative value are underexplored. The current investigative concentrate aims to identify and examine the bioactive compound in the ethanolic leaf infusion of A. Indications to unravel its curative properties and support its power to discover new drugs at the state of the art. An ethanolic leaf admixture was the subject of a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (GC-MS/MS) study. The sample was prepared by dissolving the solution in ethanol, 1 mg / mL. The oven temperature was programmed from the initial to the final temperature, together with the determination of the parameters. Helium as a carrier gas, electron-influenced ionization, and a scanning range of the Scan variety are central working parameters. Ten major phytochemicals, including azadirachtin, Nimbin, beta-sitosterol, quercetin, and luteolin, were evaluated by GC-MS/MS. Azadirachtin has promising anticancer activities, while quercetin and luteolin have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Beta-sitosterol and 3-terpineol were associated with cardiovascular protection; Each compound has unique bioactivity which contributes to the curative versatility of A. indicate. The examination provides a complete chemical fingerprint of A. indica, highlighting its bioactive compounds and their curative properties. These results confirm the usual use of neem and reinforce its importance in contemporary pharmaceuticals. The use of these compounds in targeted therapy and drug evolution may be improved by further discovery at the molecular level.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdel-Moneim A. E., Othman M. S., Aref A. M. (2014). Azadirachta indica attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress. BioMed Research International, 2014:11. doi: 10.1155/2014/647131.647131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/647131

Akin-Osanaiya, B. C., Nok, A. J., Ibrahim, S., Inuwa, H. M., Onyike, E., Amlabu, E., & Haruna, E. (2013). Antimalarial effect of neem leaf and neem stem bark extracts on Plasmodium berghei infected in the pathology and treatment of malaria. International Journal of Research in Biochemistry and Biophysics, 3(1), 7-14.

Arumugam, A., Agullo, P., Boopalan, T., Nandy, S., Lopez, R., Gutierrez, C., ... & Rajkumar, L. (2014). Neem leaf extract inhibits mammary carcinogenesis by altering cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Cancer biology & therapy, 15(1), 26-34. doi: 10.4161/cbt.26604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.26604

Bakr S. A. (2103). Evaluation of acute toxicity of water extract of Azadirachta indica leaves and seeds in rats. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(14):697–700. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.697.700. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.697.700

Baligar N. S., Aladakatti R. H., Ahmed M., Hiremath M. B. (2014). Hepatoprotective activity of the neem-based constituent azadirachtin-A in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated Wistar rats. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 92(4):267–277. doi: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0449. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2013-0449

Bansal, V., Gupta, M., Bhaduri, T., Shaikh, S. A., Sayed, F. R., Bansal, V., & Agrawal, A. (2019). Assessment of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Neem and Clove Extract Against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans: An: In vitro: Study. Nigerian Medical Journal, 60(6), 285-289. doi: 10.4103/nmj.NMJ_20_19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/nmj.NMJ_20_19

Bansod, S., Saifi, M. A., Khurana, A., & Godugu, C. (2020). Nimbolide abrogates cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis by modulating β-catenin/Smad in a sirtuin-dependent way. Pharmacological Research, 156, 104756. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104756 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104756

Braga, D. L., Mota, S. T., Zóia, M. A., Lima, P. M., Orsolin, P. C., Vecchi, L., ... & Araújo, T. G. (2018). Ethanolic extracts from Azadirachta indica leaves modulate transcriptional levels of hormone receptor variant in breast cancer cell lines. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), 1879. doi: 10.3390/ijms19071879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071879

Chitta, K. S., Khan, A. N. H., Ersing, N., Swaika, A., Masood, A., Paulus, A., ... & Chanan-Khan, A. A. (2014). Neem leaf extract induces cell death by apoptosis and autophagy in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia & lymphoma, 55(3), 652-661. doi: 10.3109/10428194.2013.807927. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2013.807927

Goud, M. P., Bale, S., Pulivendala, G., & Godugu, C. (2019). Therapeutic effects of Nimbolide, an autophagy regulator, in ameliorating pulmonary fibrosis through attenuation of TGF-β1 driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. International immunopharmacology, 75, 105755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105755

Gupta, S. C., Reuter, S., Phromnoi, K., Park, B., Hema, P. S., Nair, M., & Aggarwal, B. B. (2011). Nimbolide sensitizes human colon cancer cells to TRAIL through reactive oxygen species-and ERK-dependent up-regulation of death receptors, p53, and Bax. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286(2), 1134-1146. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110.191379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.191379

Hossain, M. A., Al-Toubi, W. A., Weli, A. M., Al-Riyami, Q. A., & Al-Sabahi, J. N. (2013). Identification and characterization of chemical compounds in different crude extracts from leaves of Omani neem. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 7(4), 181-188. doi: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2013.05.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2013.05.003

Ilango K., Maharajan G., Narasimhan S. (2013). Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Azadirachta indica fruit skin extract and its isolated constituent azadiradione. Natural Product Research, 27(16):1463–1467. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2012.717288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2012.717288

Jaiswara PK, Gupta VK, Sonker P, et al. Nimbolide induces cell death in T lymphoma cells: Implication of altered apoptosis and glucose metabolism. Environ Toxicol 2021;36:628-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23067

Kharwar, R. N., Sharma, V. K., Mishra, A., Kumar, J., Singh, D. K., Verma, S. K., ... & Kusari, S. (2020). Harnessing the phytotherapeutic treasure troves of the ancient medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (Neem) and associated endophytic microorganisms. Planta medica, 86(13/14), 906-940. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1107-9370

Kotadiya, R., & Karan, S. H. A. H. (2020). Development of bioadhesive buccal tablets of nicorandil using a factorial approach. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17(4), 388. doi: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.09226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.09226

Lahiri, D., Nag, M., Dutta, B., Mukherjee, I., Ghosh, S., Dey, A., ... & Ray, R. R. (2021). Catechin as the most efficient bioactive compound from Azadirachta indica with antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities against dental biofilm: An in vitro and in silico study. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 193, 1617-1630. Doi: 10.1007/s12010-021-03511-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03511-1

Lavanya P, Ramaiah S, Anbarasu A. (2015). Computational analysis reveal inhibitory action of nimbin against dengue viral envelope protein. Virus Disease, 26:243-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-015-0280-x

Lekshmi N. C. J. P., Sowmia N., Viveka S., Brindha Jr., Jeeva S. (2012). The inhibiting effect of Azadirachta indica against dental pathogens. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2(1):6–10.

Leslie SW, Soon-Sutton TL, Sajjad H, et al. Prostate Cancer. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL, USA: StatPearls Publishing, 2021.Mankotia, P., Choudhary, S., Sharma, K., Kumar, V., Bhatia, J. K., Parmar, A., ... & Sharma, V. (2020). Neem gum based pH responsive hydrogel matrix: A new pharmaceutical excipient for the sustained release of anticancer drug. International journal of biological macromolecules, 142, 742-755. Doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.015

Morris, J., Gonzales, C. B., De La Chapa, J. J., Cabang, A. B., Fountzilas, C., Patel, M., ... & Wargovich, M. J. (2019). The highly pure neem leaf extract, SCNE, inhibits tumorigenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma via disruption of pro-tumor inflammatory cytokines and cell signaling. Frontiers in oncology, 9, 890. Doi: 0.3389/fonc.2019.00890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00890

Naik, M. R., Bhattacharya, A., Behera, R., Agrawal, D., Dehury, S., & Kumar, S. (2014). Study of anti-inflammatory effect of neem seed oil (Azadirachta indica ) on infected albino rats. Journal of Health Research and Reviews (In Developing Countries), 1(3), 66-69. doi: 10.4103/2394-2010.153880.Passos MS, de Carvalho AR, Boeno SI, et al. Terpenoids isolated from Azadirachta indica roots and biological activities. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2019;29:40-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-2010.153880

Paul R, Prasad M, Sah NK. (2011). Anticancer biology of Azadirachta indica L (neem): a mini review. Cancer Biological Therapy, 12:467-76.

Paul, R., Prasad, M., & Sah, N. K. (2011). Anticancer biology of Azadirachta indica L (neem): a mini review. Cancer biology & therapy, 12(6), 467-476. doi: 10.4161/cbt.12.6.16850. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.12.6.16850

Pingali, U., Ali, M. A., Gundagani, S., & Nutalapati, C. (2020). Evaluation of the effect of an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaves and twigs on glycemic control, endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus–a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 4401-4412.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S274378

Priyadarsini R. V., Manikandan P., Kumar G. H., Nagini S. (2009). The neem limonoids azadirachtin and nimbolide inhibit hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis by modulating xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, DNA damage, antioxidants, invasion and angiogenesis. Free Radical Research, 43(5):492–504. doi: 10.1080/10715760902870637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760902870637

Rupani R, Chavez A. (2018). Medicinal plants with traditional use: Ethnobotany in the Indian subcontinent. Clinical Dermatology, 36:306-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.03.005

Satyanarayana, K., Sravanthi, K., Shaker, I. A., & Ponnulakshmi, R. (2015). Molecular approach to identify antidiabetic potential of Azadirachta indica . Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 6(3), 165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.157950

Sharma, V., Vijay, J., Ganesh, M. R., & Sundaramurthy, A. (2020). Multilayer capsules encapsulating nimbin and doxorubicin for cancer chemo-photothermal therapy. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 582, 119350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119350

Shore, N. D., Drake, C. G., Lin, D. W., Ryan, C. J., Stratton, K. L., Dunshee, C., ... & Concepcion, R. S. (2020). Optimizing the management of castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients: a practical guide for clinicians. The Prostate, 80(14), 1159-1176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.24053

Sophia, J., Kiran Kishore T, K., Kowshik, J., Mishra, R., & Nagini, S. (2016). Nimbolide, a neem limonoid inhibits Phosphatidyl Inositol-3 Kinase to activate Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in a hamster model of oral oncogenesis. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 22192. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22192

Sultana, B., Anwar, F., & Przybylski, R. (2007). Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica , Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees. Food chemistry, 104(3), 1106-1114. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.019

Tong, B., Spradlin, J. N., Novaes, L. F., Zhang, E., Hu, X., Moeller, M., ... & Nomura, D. K. (2020). A nimbolide-based kinase degrader preferentially degrades oncogenic BCR-ABL. ACS chemical biology, 15(7), 1788-1794. doi: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00348 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.0c00348

Downloads

Published

2025-02-11

How to Cite

ZAHID, A., ISLAM, J., IQBAL, J., MARVI, M., ARIF, F., ALI, Q., AHMAD, S., & MALIK, A. (2025). CHEMICAL FINGERPRINT OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA: UNRAVELING THE BIOACTIVE PROFILE AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL. Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research, 2025(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.54112/bbasr.v2025i1.98

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>