Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research
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<p>Articles for Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research (Bull. Biol. All. Sci. Res. eISSN: 2521-0092) must be original reports of research not simultaneously submitted to or previously published in any other scientific or technical journal and must make a significant contribution to the advancement of knowledge or toward a better understanding of existing scientific concepts. The study reported should be applicable to a sizable geographic area or an area of ecological or economic significance and of potential interest to a significant number of scientists. Each calendar year will have one volume. Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved by the authors rather than waiting for a collection of articles for a specific issue. Also, each article is published in its respective category. BBASR consider the following categories of articles; Original research Article, Short Research Article, Short communications, Review Article, Minireview Article, Systematic Reviews, Policy Papers, Commentaries / Opinion Article, Data Notes, Study Protocols, and pre-protocols, Method Article, Data Article, Case reports / Case studies, Clinical Practice Article, Grey literature government reports, Abstracts of scientific meetings, Letter to the Editor, Scholarly Book Review, Technical Note, Perspective, Correspondence, and News and Views. As a result, the page numbers in the ‘Table of Contents’ displayed for each issue will reflect this rather than numerical order. The journal was started aims to provide a platform of publications under the banner of <em><a href="http://medeyepublishers.com/ojs/index.php/home/loj"><strong>MEDEYE Publishers</strong></a> </em>following eminent standards to the researchers, scholars, scientists, and professionals of Biological and Allied Sciences. The inclusion of multiple academic disciplines helps in pooling the knowledge from two or more fields of study to handle better-suited problems by finding solutions established on new understandings. The authors can submit manuscripts online through OJS System. Authors can submit their manuscripts to the editorial office along with any query through email at, <a href="http://bcsrj.com/ojs/index.php/bcsrj/management/settings/context/mailto:editor@bcsrj.com">editor@bbasr.org</a></p> <p>Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research publishes articles reporting original research articles are grouped by subject matter into all type of biological and medical research but not confined with the following categories: Botany, Plant Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Biotechnology, Plant Genetics, Plant Computational Biology, Plant Cell Biology, Plant Biochemistry, Plant Ecology, Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Economics, Marine Sciences, Plant-Microbe interaction, Plant environmental interactions, Medical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Animal Sciences, Human Genetics, Animal Biotechnology.</p>Medeye Publishersen-USBulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research2521-0092EXPLORING THE RESPONSE MECHANISMS OF RICE TO SALINITY STRESS
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/58
<p><em>The world's agricultural productivity has been on the decline due to salinity, which is a significant abiotic element. To find a solution to this problem, researchers have been concentrating their efforts on the enzymes and biochemical pathways involved in salt tolerance. The ultimate objective is to develop crops that are resistant to salt. Developments in molecular biology have facilitated the production of salt-tolerant cultivars by conventional breeding techniques. A significant amount of salt can inhibit the growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.), a major food crop in many nations. This is especially true during the early stages of plant development. Rice's physiological, molecular, and biochemical reactions to excessive salinity have been the subject of significant exploration and investigation. The possible applications and implications of salinity tolerance are also discussed in this article, as well as the approaches that can be used to locate plants that are tolerant of salt</em>.</p>A ABBASA RASHADAU REHMANMS BUKHARI
Copyright (c) 2024 A ABBAS, A RASHAD, AU REHMAN, MS BUKHARI
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2024-01-042024-01-0420241585810.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.58THE CONTRIBUTION OF TRANSGENIC RICE TO ENHANCE GRAIN YIELD
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/65
<p><em>Breeders' main goal is to increase the proportion of high-quality rice produced overall. To create effective rice breeding strategies, possible yield-related loci have been mined. many researchers are using transgenic strategies as cutting-edge methods to increase rice productivity. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) play a pivotal role in governing grain yield in Oryza sativa L., commonly known as rice. The genes contributing to QTLs that determine grain size, length, and weight have been successfully identified. Numerous genes are upregulated to enhance the overall yield of rice. Recent advancements have led to the discovery of genes and QTLs specifically associated with rice yield. Through an in-depth analysis of various yield characteristics, including grain weight, thousand grain weight, grain length, grain width, grain yield per plant, grain number per panicle, and panicles per plant, we conducted a comprehensive review using extensive literature research and public domain databases. Additionally, we explored the progress made in transgenic technology and advanced genomic techniques. The compiled information on genes and QTLs related to yield enhancement aims to provide a valuable resource. The integrated analysis of existing data on genes and/or QTLs provide evidence on potential combinations for creating superior genotypes that combine high yield across multiple traits. Integration of molecular markers, transgenic techniques and conventional breeding as discussed in this extensive review opens up the prospect of developing high yielding rice varieties</em></p>MM JAVEDA SAMIMZ HAIDERA ABBASMH ALIS NAEEMM AMJADA AHMADR BOSTANI
Copyright (c) 2024 MM JAVED, A SAMI, MZ HAIDER, A ABBAS, MH ALI, S NAEEM, M AMJAD, A AHMAD, R BOSTANI
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2024-02-212024-02-2120241656510.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.65ADVANCEMENTS IN GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON CROP IMPROVEMENT AND BREEDING METHODS
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/61
<p><em>Recent advances in genome sequencing of essential crop plants allow genotype and phenotype data integration in crop development. Advanced statistical methods identified quantitative trait genes. Genomic prediction has been used successfully in breeding animals and is now also used in breeding plants. Biometric statistics, genome-wide markers, and phenotyping enhance gene discovery. This makes biotechnology agricultural plant solutions possible. Improved fertilizer efficiency requires precise plant phenotyping in multiple habitats and seasons, which was previously expensive. DNA sequencing, genetic engineering, and PCR-based marker-assisted selection have made it cheaper. New methods like next-generation sequencing can target climate-responsive crop development. It examines Oryza sativa L. flower opening and closing molecularly and hybrid breeding success in diverse plant types. It discusses CRISPR/Cas9 for crop trait improvement and metabolic studies for Triticum aestivum L. quality group determination. Genetic analysis should use species-specific techniques, according to the study. A Zea mays L. callus induction and growth study examined how media and growth conditions affect callus development. Another drought-stressed Triticum aestivum L. cultivar gene expression study suggests employing RNA editing to respond to environmental stress. PCR-based markers have helped scientists find important genes in landraces that have changed to survive harsh farming conditions, giving them targets for crop growth.</em></p>AU REHMANA ABBASA ARSHADGM RAZAM UMARMS BUKHARI
Copyright (c) 2024 AU REHMAN, A ABBAS, A ARSHAD, GM RAZA, M UMAR, MS BUKHARI
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2024-01-152024-01-1520241616110.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.61HEAT STRESS IN CITRUS: A MOLECULAR FUNCTIONAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PERCEPTION
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/69
<p><em>Misfortunes caused by high temperatures compel us to more readily comprehend the physiological, hormonal, and sub-atomic systems of reactions, particularly in humid and subhumid yields such as citrus organic products that are accustomed to specific conditions. Heat stress is accustomed to drought and many other environmental factors affecting Citriculture. We observe the role of Rubisco, antioxidant enzymes, HSPs, physiological changes in plasma membranes, and the role of ABA and SA under heat stress in citrus. Not-with-standing essential exploration, developing and utilizing new and well-developed citrus rootstocks is an essential element for the regulation, according to ecological circumstances. Rootstocks are essential in controlling how plants react to changing environmental factors, such as heat stress. They transfer beneficial features and increase stress tolerance, which helps citrus plants be more resilient overall. The duration of growth, yield, fruit quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic challenges are only a few of the characteristics of citrus horticulture that can be significantly improved using the right rootstocks. Enhancing citrus fruits' resistance to unfavorable environmental circumstances is urgently needed due to climate change. We can learn more about how different rootstocks affect the scion's capacity to withstand abiotic pressures by examining the metabolic responses caused by those rootstocks. Because of its increased antioxidant capacity, improved stomatal control, and storage of protective proteins, Carrizo citrange, for instance, demonstrates superior resilience to heat stress when compared to Cleopatra mandarin. The combined impacts of heat and drought on citrus vegetation differ from the effects of each stress alone. Specific metabolic changes are occur, which agree with findings from other plant research looking at the combined impacts of stress on physiology, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. When using rootstocks like Sunki Maravilha mandarin under drought stress, important metabolites such as galactinol, raffinose, and SA can be enhanced in scions through grafting. On the other hand, the Cleopatra rootstock alters the metabolism of the scion, resulting in lower quantities of the amino acids galactinol, raffinose, proline, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which could lead to undesired characteristics. These results highlight the value of continued research to solve the problems brought on by climate change and provide light on the role of rootstocks in citriculture</em><em>.</em></p>S NAEEMA SAMIMZ HAIDERMH ALIA KHALIQMI AKRAMM MUDASARQ ALIMD JUNAID
Copyright (c) 2024 S NAEEM, A SAMI, MZ HAIDER, MH ALI, A KHALIQ, MI AKRAM, M MUDASAR, Q ALI, MD JUNAID
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2024-03-082024-03-0820241696910.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.69GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL LOSSES AND THEIR CAUSES
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/66
<p>Various biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic factors are causing enormous food losses. Burgeoning human population demands for more food, however scarcity and unavailability of natural resources occurring globally. Major factors causing these losses include pests, diseases, pathogens, climatic changes, salinity, drought, loss of arable lands and weeds. Post-harvest losses are also responsible for devastating negative role towards global food losses. Inadequate use of resources leads to the exploitation and loss of arable land. Currently 38% losses to agriculture are solely caused by insect pests while 34% losses are due to weeds. Abiotic factors account for more than 50% agricultural losses. Arable land is decreasing day by day due to increased urbanization and industrialization. Climate change also potentially decreases 10-25% of agricultural productivity and forecasted to cause more within next 50 years. All these problems are worse in under-developed countries due to uncontrolled measures and lack of awareness among the community. It has been reported that human population will increase to 11 billion within next 80 years, it is crucial now to minimize these losses for in order to ensure food security and sustainable development. Food losses needs to be minimized by considering the current scenario and needs to devise appropriate strategies to enhance food production by exploiting minimum natural resources. Focus of this review article is to convey reasons of food losses worldwide and depletion of natural resources to research and farming community so that appropriate methods for food security and sustainability could be devised and implemented. </p>MD JUNAIDAF GOKCE
Copyright (c) 2024 MD JUNAID, AF GOKCE
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2024-02-242024-02-2420241666610.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.66AN OVERVIEW OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS IN PAKISTAN
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/64
<p> </p> <p class="MDPI17abstract" style="margin-left: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Liver cirrhosis is a medical condition characterized by atrophy, fibrosis and physiological malfunctioning of the liver. This ailment may or may not be associated with liver carcinoma, which can be diagnosed via alphafetoprotein (AFP) blood test. The liver is a multi-tasking organ responsible for enzyme synthesis and toxin degradation; the patient with cirrhosis falls prone to various health issues such as jaundice, malaise, nausea, fatigue, swellings, loss of appetite, accumulation of fluid in the abdominal spaces, weight loss etc. This hepatic pathology, in later stages, is fatal. This disease leads to the annual mortality of 4000 lives in the UK and is the 12th major life-threatening disease in the USA. Chronic infection with HCV (hepatitis C virus), HBV (hepatitis B virus), and alcohol consumption are major factors of liver cirrhosis. Due to its slower progression (as it develops over months), liver cirrhosis can be detected earlier via diagnostic tools like CT (Computed Tomography) scan, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan, liver biopsy etc. Liver cirrhosis is the major reason for liver transplants around the world. It is more common in males than females and is prevalent in developing countries. Pakistan has an enormous burden of liver cirrhosis. This article briefly discusses the recent developments in the understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and frequency of liver cirrhosis in the Pakistani population.</span></em></p>A ULLAHA BIBII ULLAHREZ KAYANIM ASIMN MUNAWARM AMJADM SIRAJM GOHARMA KHAN
Copyright (c) 2024 A ULLAH, A BIBI, I ULLAH, REZ KAYANI, M ASIM, N MUNAWAR, M AMJAD, M SIRAJ, M GOHAR, MA KHAN
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2024-02-062024-02-0620241646410.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.64GUAR GUM IN THERAPEUTICS: A SUCCINCT EXPLORATION
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/60
<p><em>Guar gum, extracted from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, has gained prominence for its unique properties, forming a thick gel in water and releasing fatty acids through fermentation. Originating in Pakistan and India, it found industrial significance in the US during the 1940s. The galactomannan in guar's endosperm, a polysaccharide of d-mannose and d-galactose, imparts rapid solubility, pH stability, and biodegradability. Beyond its industrial applications, guar gum exhibits a myriad of health benefits. Delving into the botanical symphony of guar seeds reveals a poetic composition, and enzymatic exploration unravels the whimsical ballet of galactose side groups. Guar gum transcends its botanical origins to become a dietary sage, influencing serum cholesterol levels and aiding in weight management. Its journey through the digestive system orchestrates nuanced reductions in blood glucose and insulin, showcasing its potential for diabetes assistance.The manufacturing process involves splitting, hydration, and various treatments, resulting in guar gum's characteristics as a thickening agent with tasteless and odorless properties. Stability studies affirm its consistent performance over time, and its safety for target species, consumers, and the environment is established. Exploring guar gum's therapeutic applications reveals its potential in wound healing, inflammatory bowel disease treatment, and as a preventive measure against ulcers. Its role as a dietary fiber extends to managing irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, reducing blood sugar and cholesterol levels, promoting weight loss, and aiding in regular bowel movements. The article recommends a daily intake of 28g for adult women and 36g for men, achievable through the consumption of guar gum. Clinical studies demonstrate its positive impact on duodenal ulcers, providing relief, increasing satiety, and preventing symptoms. With its multifaceted applications, guar gum emerges as a fascinating substance intertwining chemistry, medicine, and industry.</em></p>SJ AWANZ FATIMAS KAMRANAS KHANT FATIMAS IMRANM SHABBIRSI NADEEM
Copyright (c) 2024 SJ AWAN, Z FATIMA, S KAMRAN, AS KHAN, T FATIMA, S IMRAN, M SHABBIR, SI NADEEM
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2024-01-122024-01-1220241606010.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.60REVOLUTIONIZING PLANT BREEDING PROGRAMS WITH ADVANCEMENTS IN MOLECULAR MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/57
<p><em>The molecular marker method has come a long way in the last 30 years. Genetic research has advanced from RFLPs to SNPs. Array technology was also used. Sequencing progress has also led to the creation of low-cost NGS systems with high throughput. Phenotyping has been very important in making this progress possible. Markers for important crops like rice, corn, and potatoes have been worked on, but markers for crops that aren't used much haven't been studied as much. Phylogenetics and molecular ecology are other areas that don't know much about molecular markers. Plant breeding and DNA modification have greatly changed since recent improvements to CRISPR technology. To the contrary, some MAS (marker-assisted selection) methods need to know about the genome beforehand, which makes the work even harder. Researchers in plant science might find the methods discussed in this review piece useful as a database. They could use them alone or with other sequence-level characters from different fields.</em></p>A ABBASA ARSHADAU REHMANMS BUKHARIS ZAMAN
Copyright (c) 2024 A ABBAS, A ARSHAD, AU REHMAN, MS BUKHARI, S ZAMAN
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2024-01-042024-01-0420241575710.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.57GENETIC EVALUATION FOR SEED YIELD AND ITS COMPONENT TRAITS IN SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) USING LINE × TESTER APPROACH
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/63
<p><em>Sunflower is a vital oilseed crop, but yield improvement remains a major objective. Exploring germplasm and exploiting non-additive gene action can help overcome yield limitations and identify superior parental lines and crosses for hybrid development through GCA and SCA. Four parental lines (A-1, A-2, A-3, and A-4) were crossed with three testers (B-1, B-2, B-3) in a line × tester fashion to generate F<sub>0</sub> seeds. These seeds were planted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicate plots in the field to ensure unbiased results. Data on various growth and yield parameters is collected and analyzed using Analysis of variance and combining ability analysis. Lines A-3 and A-4 and tester B-3 demonstrated consistently positive GCA effects for several traits, signifying their broad genetic value for hybrid development. The hybrid A-4 × B-1 emerged as the top performer, exhibiting exceptional SCA effects in days to flowering, seed yield per head and height of the plant, indicating exceptional compatibility between these parental lines. Lines A-3 and A-4 displayed significant positive GCA effects for key parameters like head diameter and seed yield. Tester B-3 also contributed to enhanced yield traits in hybrid combinations. Lines A-3 and A-4, tester B-3, and hybrid A-4 × B-1 emerged as promising parents for sunflower hybrid development due to their superior GCA and SCA effects. These findings offer valuable resources for future breeding programs that enhance sunflower yield and productivity.</em></p>A ARSHADMA IQBALS FAROOQA ABBAS
Copyright (c) 2024 A ARSHAD, MA IQBAL, S FAROOQ, A ABBAS
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2024-01-242024-01-2420241636310.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.63GENETIC VARIATION AND HERITABILITY ESTIMATES IN CHICKPEA SEEDLING TRAITS: IMPLICATIONS FOR BREEDING PROGRAMS
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/59
<p><em>Chickpea, also known as Bengal gram, Channa, or garbanzo bean, is a vital pulse crop that offers wholesome food to the growing population. Originating from modern-day southeast Turkey and Syria, chickpea germplasm is abundant in Ethiopia, serving as a secondary centre of genetic diversity for various dietary legumes. Two main varieties are desi and Kabuli. A study at the University of Punjab Lahore found significant genetic variations in chickpea seedlings, with high genetic components and a broad-sense heritability of 87.04%. Root length showed a significant genotypic effect, with a PCV of 16.39% and a larger GCV than SL. The root-to-seedling length ratio showed a significant genotypic variance, with a heritability estimate of 69.98% and a genetic advance of 5.740%. Seedling biomass did not show significant genotypic variation. Leaf characteristics showed substantial genotypic differences, indicating extensive genetic heterogeneity. The correlation matrix showed substantial correlations between seven qualities in chickpea seedlings, suggesting genetic and physiological links between the qualities. These findings can inform breeding efforts, improve breeding programs, and generate new varieties with improved features.</em></p>MU RASHEEDA MALIKMS ALI
Copyright (c) 2024 MU RASHEED, A MALIK, MS ALI
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2024-01-042024-01-0420241595910.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.59ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF ECO-FRIENDLY INSECTICIDES AGAINST THE SPODOPTERA LITURA (TOBACCO CUTWORM) POPULATION
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/62
<p style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #252525;">In the investigation conducted, the assessment of environmentally friendly insecticides, including Abamectin, Spinosad, Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs), and Bacillus thuringiensis, was undertaken with a focus on evaluating their efficacy and toxicity in controlling the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura. The study aimed to provide insights into the ecological compatibility of these insecticides within the context of controlling the target pest. Among the various treatment applications, Diflubenzuron + Deltamethrin exhibited the highest efficacy in causing mortality among the larvae of the cutworm and Abamectin demonstrated significant approachability, resulting in mortality rates of 91.35% and 91.23%, respectively. The untreated control group exhibited the highest growth rate, while treatment with Diflubenzuron + Deltamethrin yielded the lowest growth rate at 2.03. Bacillus thuringiensis treatment demonstrated significant impacts on both larval-pupal transition and survival rates, registering values of 1.34 and 0.43, respectively. This indicates a notable influence on the developmental stages and overall survival of Spodoptera litura larvae. The findings of this study underscore the potential of eco-compatible pesticides, with Diflubenzuron + Deltamethrin, Abamectin, and Bacillus thuringiensis presenting distinct outcomes in the control of Spodoptera litura. The observed effects on mortality, growth rates, and developmental transitions provide valuable insights into the practical applicability of these environmentally friendly insecticides in managing pest populations in an ecologically sustainable manner.</span></em></p>A AHMADM SHAKEEL
Copyright (c) 2024 A AHMAD, M SHAKEEL
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2024-01-182024-01-1820241626210.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.62INSIGHTS INTO SCABIES PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS
https://bbasr.org/index.php/home/article/view/68
<p><em>Scabies is an infectious disease of the skin caused by Sarcoptes scabiei. In the current study, investigation of scabies epidemiology was accompanied by Peshawar and Karak districts to assess the prevalence and main risk factors accountable for the transmission of scabies. A survey was reported on scabies at DHQ Karak and HMC Peshawar from January 2019 to January 2020. Data was collected every month from HMC Peshawar and DHQ Karak. The total reported cases were 571 during study time. The report showed that the frequency of scabies was high during December and January. While lower in August and October. Infestation rates were more in males than females while children and teenagers (1-20 years) were more prone to this condition. The infection was considerably more common in males (51.1%) than females (49.9%), in lower socio-economic levels (52.0%) than the upper (16%) and middle levels (32%), and in those communities living in uncemented houses (70.7%) than living in cemented houses (29.3%). Family size was of no significance. The present result showed that hands and genitalia were affected more as compared to other body parts. About 24% of patients showed scabies infection at more than two sites. During the study general information about scabies was provided to all patients to give them an idea about the severity of infection. Biopsy was also performed but distortion of mite due to itching made it impossible to study its morphology. It is concluded from the present study that scabies infestation is characterized by parasites that cause itching and scratching sensation at night. The findings scabies prevalence is influenced by seasonal variations, demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and housing conditions, and understanding these factors is essential for developing efficient prevention and control strategies to alleviate the scabies burden in affected populations.</em></p>K NAWAZS KHANA BIBI
Copyright (c) 2024 K NAWAZ, S KHAN, A BIBI
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2024-03-122024-03-1220241686810.54112/bbasr.v2024i1.68